Lego Mindstorms Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Lego Mindstorms - Essay Example Normally diversification strategies can lead to strategic competitiveness and above-average returns. In general firms using related diversification strategies outperform those employing unrelated diversification strategies. At some point of time the firms can become over-diversified. The level at which over-diversification occurs varies across companies, because each firm has different capabilities to manage diversification. Irrespective of the type of diversification strategies implemented declines in performance result from over-diversification. Even when a firm is not over-diversified a high level of diversification can have a negative impact on the long term performance of a firm. For instance the scope created by additional amounts of diversification often cause managers to rely on financial control rather than strategic controls to evaluate business units’ performance. Without a clear understanding of the objectives and strategies of the business the top level executives tend to rely on financial controls. Though this will ensure short-term gains are generated it may have a severe impact on the long-term investments and prospects of the firm.  In the case of Lego several mistakes in its history of last twenty and odd years and the biggest of such mistakes were to confuse growth with success. The sales growth of Lego was phenomenal during the 10 year period from1978 to 1988 with the sales increasing from Danish Kroner 1 billion to 5 billion which is a five fold increase. This sales growth made Lego look great. While during the 1980s VCRs, video games, cable Television and computers started to have their influence on the children Lego was busy expanding its sales to its target market across the world.   The main problem with the operations of Lego was that the company became a slow company with its complacency. For instance the company formed an association with MIT in 1984 but until ten years later the company could not invent any ‘intelli gent brick’. Though the programmable brick became popular the company could not market it as a mass market product since the company was unable to reduce the price. The real problem was that Lego lost its audience who the children loved at one point of time. It seems that the company had a core play values ‘encouraging the imagination and putting the child in charge’.  

Hamlets Contradicting Traits Essay Example for Free

Hamlets Contradicting Traits Essay William Shakespeare created many complex characters in his play Hamlet. One of these complex characters being the protagonist, Prince Hamlet. Hamlet has many contradictory traits, two of them being that Hamlet sometimes thinks rationally, and that being overcome by the command left by the ghost of his belligerent father, King Hamlet, he tends to make irrational decisions. When Hamlet is first introduced to the ghost’s commands in scene one, act 5, they begin to consume him with thoughts of vengeance, to murder Claudius, his father’s murderer. Throughout the play, Hamlet acts in such a way to provide evidence supporting both traits. Conflicted by these two opposing traits, Prince Hamlet has a war of two spirits in his mind, deciding which side is right. During the length of the play, Hamlet frequently argues with himself. Many of his soliloquies are debates between Hamlet and the warring side of his mind that believes he should listen to the vengeful plan of his father’s ghost. At the beginning of the play, Hamlet, the Prince of Denmark, is a rational scholar from Wittenberg. When he returns from Wittenberg, his mother, Queen Gertrude confronts him concerning his melancholy. He replies â€Å"Seems, madam? Nay it is. I know not ‘seems’† (1. 2. 76) He is very straightforward with her and speaks in a sensible and rational manner. This conversation happened before Hamlet encountered the ghost; therefor the militant and vengeful spirit has not yet influenced him. When Hamlet is preparing to rig the play to gage a reaction from Claudius to prove he is guilty of murdering his father, he is thinking rationally. Ill have these players/Play something like the murder of my father/Before mine uncle: Ill observe his looks; /Ill tent him to the quick: if he but blench, /I know my course. † (2. 2. 601-605) it takes and intelligent, sensible, and rational person to develop such a precise and functioning plan, therefor proving Hamlet is able to think rationally. Once Hamlet has met and been influenced to his father’s ghost, he becomes consumed with the thought of avenging his father. Hamlet is not a violent person; therefor the thought of murdering Claudius causes a lot of internal conflict for Hamlet. As Hamlet and Laertes fight in Ophelia’s grave, Hamlet says to Laertes â€Å"For, though I am not splenitive and rash, /Yet have I something in me dangerous, /Which let thy wiseness fear† (5. 1. 265-267). This quote proves that Hamlet is aware that though he is not generally a violent person, he now possesses something dangerous in him due to his dead father’s command. Later, Hamlet claims to Laertes that he is mad. â€Å"Roughly awake, I here proclaim was madness. /†¦ Who does it, then? His madness: ift be so, /Hamlet is of the faction that is wrongd; /His madness is poor Hamlets enemy† (5. . 224-233) according to Hamlet it was not him who killed Polonius it was his madness. Again, Hamlet is aware that avenging his father has driven him to be something he is not, and to do irrational things such as murdering Polonius. Hamlet had stabbed Polonius through a curtain simply because there was a slight chance it would have been Claudius hiding. Before chec king, he quickly stabbed Polonius, this is completely irrational and risky on Hamlet’s part. This dramatic turn of events caused negative repercussions towards Hamlet. By killing Polonius, Hamlet pushed Laertes to decide to avenge his own father and in the end, he murders Hamlet. The overwhelming urge to avenge his father caused Hamlet to act without thinking, putting Hamlet in a dangerous situation. Due to Hamlet’s strongly contradicting traits, he frequently argues with himself, usually in his soliloquies. Hamlet’s soliloquy â€Å"To be or not to be† is a literal debate between scholarly, rational Hamlet and Prince Hamlet as the soldier-son, seeking revenge for his pugnacious father. In this soliloquy, Hamlet questions his motives and morals. To be, or not to be: that is the question:/Whether tis nobler in the mind to suffer/The slings and arrows of outrageous fortune, /Or to take arms against a sea of troubles, /And by opposing end them? † (3. 1. 56-60) he is debating with himself on whether or not it is worth it to avenge his father. This way of making a decision is a rational and logical thought process in which Hamlet is evaluating all of his options and their repercussions. However, had Hamlet not had irrational thoughts to begin with, he would not have to go through with this process. Eventually Hamlet`s irrational urge to avenge his father consumes him. Most of his rationality has vanished and all of his thoughts concern revenge, or are not fully thought through. In his â€Å"My thoughts be bloody†¦Ã¢â‚¬  soliloquy, the irrational part of Hamlet`s divided soul is convincing him that if he does not avenge his father essentially he has no purpose â€Å"What is a man,/If his chief good and market of his time /Be but to sleep and feed? a beast, no more† (4. 4. 36-38) Hamlet says if he has no purpose, he is nothing. At the end of the soliloquy Hamlet decides â€Å"My thoughts be bloody, or be nothing worth! (4. 4. 68) this is him saying that if his thoughts are not concerning violent actions towards Claudius, they are worthless. These thoughts are completely irrational, and the benefits and downfalls of this decision have not been taken into consideration. Later when Hamlet is asked whether he would prefer to battle Laertes now, or give himself some tim e to prepare, he quickly responds that he will fight him now, leading to Hamlet’s death. Again, Hamlet has irrationally made a decision without considering each side of the argument. The command left by the ghost of his father has completely overcome his mind leaving him not thinking logically or rationally as he was at the beginning of the play. Hamlet is an irrational rationalist. Before the ghost confronts him, Hamlet is a rational scholar from Wittenberg, however afterwards, the ghost’s vengeful thoughts consumes him, giving Hamlet an irrational and violent mindset. During the play, these two combative traits are warring in his mind, and expressed through soliloquies. Many of Hamlet’s soliloquies are debates between these two opposing traits. Eventually, the vengeful thoughts consume Hamlet and he becomes highly irrational. He does not plan or think anything through as he did at the beginning of the play. Hamlet’s irrationality is potentially the cause of his madness, and death. Had Hamlet not been so irrational whilst making decisions and allowing the vengeful thoughts left by his father to consume him, Claudius would not be seeking to murder him. Though Hamlet is genuinely a rationalist, his need to avenge his father’s death consumes him, causing him to make irrational and illogical decisions.

Korean Culture In The 21st Century

Korean Culture In The 21st Century Korean culture has the most powerful influence in the 21st century today. The uses of social media have effectively shown how music from all around the world, like K-pop, can be shared and provide a platform to steer their endeavors to go international. In the beginning stages of K-pops arrival, the use of social media to circulate its musical content was a very fan-lead movement. It has seen how integral the use of the Facebook, Twitter, and Youtube is to display a heightened reality full of cute, seductive, and skilful talents. Record companies set up official Youtube channels for their artists and companies to create a presence. Television also plays an important role in this overall attitude of being thin. K-pop which means Korean popular music, is a musical genre consisting of dance, electronic, hip-hop, rap and others elements which originating in South Korea. K-pop has grown into a popular subculture among teenagers and young adults around the world. Basically, those k-pop singers are showing the perfect figure in their music video. In todays society of stick thin K-pop star and celebrity is emerging focus on obesity, so it is no wonder that more and more people have eating disorders. In fact, the celebrity focuses on being thin because the camera adds at least ten pounds. However, a plus size k-pop singer is uncommon. This sends a message to girls and young women that thin are beautiful and it may cause them not to satisfy with their current figure. In the result, it may lead them to having anorexia nervosa, and are they the potential patient? Research Problem In the most of the society nowadays, towards the exposure of the K-pop music culture, females are very particular on their body size especially being extremely thin is the desire that will never disappear. In order to fulfill the desire, it makes females have the tendency to reduce their meals irregularly and even more serious was highly restrictive eating. A report from Sutter Health network (2003) shows that more than 90% of people who affected by anorexia nervosa are adolescent and young women. This group of adolescent and young women are exposed to K-pop music very oftenly. Moreover, according to the report from U. S. NEWS (2010), it shows that approximately 1 out of 200 western women who are disordered eating are between 15- 24 years old. From the above reports, it indicates that, females who are suffering from anorexia nervosa are averagely at the aged between 15 to 24 years old adolescent and young women. The highly percentage of adolescent and young women have eating disorder , which affect them to pay more attention on their body weight to maintain a distortion of body image. As shown in National Associated of Anorexia Nervosa And Associated Disorders (2012), there are many people with anorexia nervosa see themselves as overweight even they are starved, they will control themselves to achieve the thinness they want. Since the population of eating disorders among female adolescents are increasing, a survey will be conducted to find out whether the K-pop music culture has influenced anorexia the female adolescents to suffer from anorexia nervosa. Purpose of the Study To examine whether females between 15 to 24 years old are influenced by the K-pop culture about their body outlook and figures. To find out the frequency of female adolescent expose to Korean popular music. To examine whether females adolescent who frequently exposed to Korean popular music, are they satisfied with their current body weight. To find out whether females adolescents have taken their meals regularly after they exposed to Korean popular music. Research Question Does the K-pop culture influence the females between 15 to 24 years old perception about their body figures? Significance of Study The study of the impact of K-pop music culture towards the anorexia nervosa among the female adolescents can be a guide for them to test whether themselves are diagnosed in anorexia nervosa. A summary from Renfrew Centre Foundation for Eating Disorders (2002) shows that 20% of people suffering from anorexia nervosa will prematurely die. Another summary from the same resource shows that 70 million individuals are affected by eating disorders worldwide. From the summaries above summarized that people have less awareness about anorexia nervosa. In fact, they do not know that eating disorder is the main symptom that enough to prove an individual to be diagnosed in anorexia nervosa. Therefore, this study is to raise awareness of anorexia nervosa and also to help the female adolescents prevent from anorexia nervosa. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Mass Communication Theory Advertisers often emphasize sexuality and the importance of physical attractiveness in an attempt to sell products, but researchers are concerned that this places undue pressure on women to focus on their appearance. In recent survey by Teen People magazine, 27% of the girls felt that the media pressures them to have a perfect body, and a poll conducted in 1996 by the international ad agency Saatchi and Saatchi found that advertisement made women fear being unattractive or old. Researchers suggest advertising media may adversely impact womens body image, which can lead to unhealthy behavior as women and girls strive for the ultra-thin body idealized by the media. The average women see 400 to 600 advertisements per day, and by the time she is 17 years old, she has received over 250,000 commercial messages through the media. Only 9 of commercials have a direct statement about beauty, but many more implicitly emphasize the importance of beauty-particularly those that target women and girls. One study of Saturday morning toy commercials found that 50% commercials aimed at girls spoke about physical attractiveness. Others studies found 50% of advertisement in teen girl magazines and 56% of television commercials aimed at female viewers used beauty as a product appeal. This constant exposure to female-oriented advertisements may influence girls to become self-conscious about their bodies and to obsess over their physical appearance as a measure of their worth. We are affected by what we see on television programs. Studies have shown that womens dissatisfaction with their bodies is related to what they see in the media. Girls and women are most affected by the sexual images of their favorite celebrities they see on television. A growing number of these women are also addicted to extreme dieting, exercise which can lead to psychological disorders, low self-esteem, and even death. Women are exposed to celebrities who are Photoshopped in the media and it affects the way they see themselves. They think they are not attractive and skinny compared to celebrities. However, this contradicts reality considering that Korea has the lowest obesity rate among OECD (organization for economic co-operation and development) countries and Koreans are a lot slimmer than people in other developed countries. Because of the importance of obtaining an ideal body shape in our society, many women go on a diet. However, the results are eating disorders or and an unh ealthy lifestyle. 2.2 The thin ideal is becoming a trend in our society. According to the latest survey by the Korean Ministry for Health, Welfare and Family Affairs, almost two in every woman suffer from undernourishment with intentional starvation being the main cause. In the 2007 report, 48.7% of teenagers were on a diet, with 65.3% of females restricting their eating. However, if this kind of extreme diet persists, people can have conditions such as hair loss and depression to bulimia, constipation and anorexia. Even celebrities are not immune to eating disorders. For example, in Korea, the late model Kim Yoo Ri, received lots of stress because of dieting. After going on an extreme diet, she developed anorexia and eventually died. Not just in Korea, but also around the globe, lots of women including celebrities suffer from illness from extreme diet and exercising such as Isabelle Caro from France. In conclusion, the media plays a large role in the way women view their bodies to the point of dieting. Women frequently compare their bodies to those they see around them, and researchers have found that exposure to idealized body images lowers womens satisfaction with their own attractiveness. One study found that people who were shown slides of thin models has lower self-evaluations than people who had seen average and oversized models, and girls reported in a Body Image Survey that very thin models made them feel insecure about themselves. In a sample of Stanford undergraduate and graduate students, 68% felt worse about their own appearance after looking through womens magazines. Many health professionals are also concerned by the prevalence of distorted body image among women, which may be fostered by their constant self-comparison to extremely thin figures promoted in the media.75% of normal weigh women think they are overweight and 90% of women overestimate their body size. Dissatisfaction with their bodies causes many women and girls to strive for the thin ideal. The number one wish for girls ages 11 to 17 is to be thinner, and girls as young as five have expressed fears of getting fat. 80% of 10 year old girls have dieted, and at any one time, 50% of American women are currently dieting. Some researchers suggest depicting thin models may lead girls into unhealthy weight-control habits, because the ideal they seek to emulate is unattainable for many and unhealthy for most. One study found that 47% of the girls were influenced by magazine pictures to want to lose weight, but only 29% were actually overweight. Research has also found that stringent dieting to achieve an ideal figure can play a key role in triggering eating disorders. Other researchers believe depicting thin models appears not to have long-term negative effects on most adolescent women, but they do agree it affects girls who already have body-image problems. Girls who were already dissatisfied with their bodies showed more dieting, anxiety and bulimic symptoms after prolonged exposure to fashion and advertising images in a teen girl magazine. Advertisements emphasize thinness as a standard for female beauty, and the bodies idealized in the media are frequently atypical of normal, healthy women. In fact, todays fashion models weigh 23% less than the average female, and a young woman between the ages of 18-34 has a 7% chance of being as slim as a catwalk model and a 1% chance of being as thin as a supermodel. However, 69% of girls in one study said that magazine models influence their idea of the perfect body shape, and the pervasive acceptance of this unrealistic body type creates an impractical standard for the majority of women. Some researchers believe that advertisers purposely normalize unrealistically thin bodies, in order to create an unattainable desire that can drive product consumption. The media markets desire. And by reproducing ideals that are absurdly out of line with what real bodies really do look like. The media perpetuates a market for frustration and disappointment. Its customers will never disappear. writes Paul Hamburg, an assistant professor of psychiatry at Havard Medical School. 2.3 Eating disorders on the increase in Asia Thirty miles south of the border with starving North Korea, young women in the South Korean capital are starving themselves, victims not of famine but of fashion. Dr. Si Hyung Lee has seen this dark side of affluence and modernity. He remembers best the patient who died of respiratory failure: She was a pediatricians daughter, said Lee, director of the Korea Institute of Social Psychiatry at Koryo General Hospital in Seoul. Her father and mother were both doctors. But her parents failed to realize that their teen-ager suffered from anorexia nervosa until it was too late to save her. Anorexia nervosa was a disease almost unheard of in Korea a decade ago. In fact, if Asia is a reliable indicator, eating disorder is going global. Anorexia is a psychiatric disorder once known as Golden Girl syndrome because it stuck primarily rich, white, well-educated young western women was first documented in Japan in the 1960s. Eating disorders are now estimated to afflict one in 100 young Japanese women, almost the same incidence as in the United States, according to retired Tokyo University epidemiologist Hiroyuki Suematsu. Over the past five years, the self-starvation syndrome has spread to women of all socioeconomic and ethnic backgrounds in Seoul, Hong Kong and Singapore, Asian psychiatrists says. Cases also have been reported though at much lower rates in Taipei, Beijing and Shanghai. Anorexia has even surfaced among the affluent elite in countries where hunger remains a problem, including the Philippines, India and Pakistan. Doctors in Japan and South Korea say they also have noticed a marked increase in bulimia, in which patients gorge themselves, then vomit or use laxatives to try to keep from gaining weight, sometimes with lethal consequences. Experts debate whether these problems are caused by Western pathologies that have infected their cultures via the globalized fashion, music and entertainment media, or are a generic ailment of affluence, modernization and the conflicting demands now placed on young women. Either way, the effects are unmistakable. According to Dr. Ken Ung of National University Hospital in Singapore, he claims that appearance and figure has become very important in the minds of young people. Thin is in, fat is out. This is interesting, because Asians are usually thinner and smaller-framed than Caucasians, but their aim now is to become even thinner. A weight-loss craze has swept the developed countries of Asia, sending women of all ages. In Hong Kong, 20 to 30 types of diet pills are in common use and in Singapore, where the anorexia death of a 21 year old, 70 pound student at the prestigious National University, dieting itself has become a fashion statement. South Korea is perhaps the most interesting case study since, until the 1970s, full-figured women were seen as more sexually attractive and more likely to produce a healthy sons, said Dr Sing Lee, a psychiatrist at the Chinese University of Hong Kong who has written extensively on eating disorders. When I was a kid, plumper than average women were considered more desirable, they could be a first sons wife in a good house. He said. But standards of beauty have changed dramatically in the 1990s with democratization, as South Koreas government decontrolled television and newspapers, allowing in a flood of foreign and foreign influenced programming, information and advertising. The be slim trend starts earlier now, even in elementary school. Said the institutes Dr. Kim Cho. Dieting by growing teen agers often leads to inadequate calcium intake and weaker bones. Kim is worried about an increase in osteoporosis cases when this generation of girls reaches menopause. The dieting will also result in weaker physiques and lessened resistance against disease, she said. South Korea Korean psychiatrist Dr. Kim Joon Ki, who spent a year in Japan studying eating disorders, said the increase in eating pathologies over the past few years has been phenomenal. Before I went to Japan in 1991, I had seen only one anorexia patient, Kim said. In Japan they told me, Korea will be next, so you should study this now. And sure enough, they were right. Kim said he has seen more than 200 patients, about half of whom were anorexia and half bulimic, in the 2 years since he opened a private eating disorder clinic. Lately I have so many calls that I cant even give them all appointments, he said. But Kim said his new book on eating on eating problems, I want to eat, but I want to lose weight is selling poorly. Readers attention is still focused on dieting, not on eating disorders, he said. Dieting is not only trendy, its necessity for many Asian women who want to fit into the most fashionable clothes, some which are only made in one small size which is equivalent of an American size 4, said Park Sung Hye, a fashion editor at Ceci, a popular montly style magazine for 18 to 25 year old women. They make just one size so only skinny girls will wear it and it will look good, Park said. They think, we dont want fatty girls wearing our clothes because it will look bad and our image will go down. As a result, If youre a little bit fatty girl, you cannot buy clothes, she said. All of society pushes women to be thin. America and Korea and Japan all emphasize dieting. In the articles she writes on how to diet, she cautions readers against excess, warning, A models body is abnormal, not normal. Park said young Korean attitudes toward food differ from those of their elders, who remember hunger after World War Two and the old greeting, Have you eaten? and fat as a sign of prosperity . Now skinny means you are wealthier, since everyone can eat three times a day, Park said. 2.4 Symptoms of Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia literally means loss of appetite (Medline Plus, 2003), however, with anorexia nervosa, loss of appetite rarely accompanies the restricted eating, dangerously low body weight, distorted body image, and intense fear of being fat (American Psychiatric Association [APA], 2000, Halmi, 2005). Individuals with the disorder are frequently hungry and preoccupied with food, but deny the sensation of hunger as a way of establishing control over their bodies (Hobbs, Johnson, 1996). The result is a complicated and potentially deadly illness that has the highest mortality rate of any mental disorder (The Renfrew Center Foundation [RCF], 2002). Someone with anorexia may look very thin. They may use extreme measures to lose weight by making themselves throw up, taking pills to urinate or taking diet pills. In fact, they will not eating or eating very little and they will weigh the food and counting calories. Anorexia nervosa constitutes a major health care problem (Becker, Grinspoon, Kilbanski Herzog, 1999), It has been described as one of the most common chronic illnesses among young females today (Touyz Beumont, 2001) and Anorexia nervosa is a serious eating disorder predominantly affecting adolescent girls (Hoek van Hoeken, 2003). Approximately 95% of those affected by anorexia are female, most often teenage girls. In the U.S. and other countries with high economic status, it is estimated that about one out of every 100 young women has the disorder. Research suggests that the prevalence of anorexia nervosa (AN) has been increasing, especially since the 1960s (George, 1997). For women, the lifetime incidence of the eating disorder is 0.9%, and for men is 0.3% (Hudson, Hiripi, Pope, Kessler, 2007). The incidence among young women aged 15-19 has been recorded as high as 135.7 per 100,000 per year, and the rate of incidence among adolescent girls living in Western societies appears to have been rising steadily throughout the latter half of the previous century (Lucas, Crowson, OFallon, Melton, 1999). Furthermore, research undertaken at the turn of this century suggests that the disorder is sub-clinical in up to 10% of young women aged 16-25 (Walsh, Wheat, Freund, 2000). Risk factors for anorexia include being more worried about, or paying more attention to their weight and shape. Generally, they will have a negative self-image, having certain social or cultural ideas about health and beauty. They will also have an intense fear of gaining weight or becoming fat, even when she is underweight. One of which is that people affected with this disorder are 15% below their healthy body weight and have a body mass index (BMI) less than 17.5 (Psychiatry: GPs should be vigilant for eating disorders, 2009). Probably, they have a body image that is distorted and refuse to admit the seriousness of weight loss. There are several physical effects of anorexia other than the obvious loss of weight can be seen. Anorexia can cause slow thinking and poor memory. Patient also will feel depression and fatigue. It will also cause dry, yellowish skin and brittle nails. Fine, downy hair grows on the face, back, arms, and legs. Despite this new hair growth, loss of hair on the head is not uncommon. Besides that, it will also cause tooth decay and gum damage. It will also cause the patient dizziness, fainting, and headaches. People with anorexia might also develop trouble maintaining a consistent body temperature and they will get cold easily. In addition, according to Dan W. Reiff, he said that In our clinical practice we surveyed over 1000 people with clinically diagnosed eating disorders. We found that people with anorexia nervosa report 90 to 100 percent of their waking time is spent thinking about food, weight, and hunger; an additional amount of time is spent dreaming of food or having sleep disturbed by hunger. People with bulimia nervosa report spending about 70 to 90 percent of their total conscious time thinking about food and weight-related issues. In addition, people with disordered eating may spend about 20 to 65 percent of their waking hours thinking about food. By comparison, women with normal eating habits will probably spend about 10 to 15 percent of waking time thinking about food, weight, and hunger. CHAPTER 3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1 Subjects The survey was conducted by using the cluster random sampling. The survey form was distributed to 100 students. 35 students from Tunku Abdul Rahman College, Penang Branch Campus, 35 students from Disted-Stamford College and 30 students of Penang Chinese Girls High School. The survey form only distribute to female students who are aged between 15-24 years old. 3.2 Research Design This research is aims to examine whether female adolescents are influenced by the Korean popular music culture among the female adolescent between 15 to 24 years old. The data of the survey was collected by using quantitative research method. the survey questions was designed accordingly to meet the research objectives. The survey consists of 14 questions. First part of the survey was designed to know about the demographics of the participants to find out whether the participants themselves are underweight or overweight. The second part of the questions was designed to find out the frequency of the female adolescent exposed to Korean popular music. While the following part of the questions was designed to examine the satisfaction of the body weight among the female adolescent who exposed to Korean popular music. Last part of the survey questions was designed to find out whether the female adolescents have taken their meals regularly after they exposed to Korean popular music. A PILOT test was conducted was conducted on a sample size of 15 students from Tunku Abdul Rahman College, Penang Branch Campus. The Pilot test was carried out to test the accuracy requirement to meet the research objective. 3.3 Research Materials In order to find out the body weight of the female adolescent between 15 to 24 years old are underweight, overweight or at the average desirable weight. Body Mass Index(BMI) measurement formula has been using as a calculator. According to the World Health Organization(2008), BMI is the standard reference for the obesity test. Throughout the survey, pen, pencil and papers have been using to fill up the survey form. 3.4 Research Procedure The survey questionnaires were only distributed to the female students who were taking meal in the canteen of the institutions of Penang Tunku Abdul Rahman College, Penang Disted- Stamford College and Penang Chinese Girls High School. 100 set of survey questionnaires were distributed to three institution. CHAPTER 4 FINDINGS 4.1 Hypotheses Throughout the survey, the objective of the survey is to examine whether females between 15 to 24 years old are influenced by the K-pop culture about their body outlook and figures. The data were collected from three institutions which is Penang Chinese Girls High School, Penang Tunku Abdul Rahman College, and Penang Disted-Stamford College. The exact sample size is 100 people. 35 students from Tunku Abdul Rahman College, 35 students from Disted-Stamford College and 30 students from Penang Chinese Girls High School. The sample size was divided into 2 categories. 15 to 18 years old students are from secondary school which falls under 1 category while 19 to 24 years old falls under another category which is the students from tertiary education level. The following chart shows the results of the demographics of the participants. 4.2 Standard Reference of Body Weight Chart 4.2 Body weight of the participants through Body Mass Index (BMI) Based on the chart 4.2, from the first category which the participants are aged from 15 to 18 years old, there are 20% of the students were underweight, 1% of student was at the average weight and 9% of the students were overweight. From the another category, the participants were from 19 to 24 years old. There are 30% of the students were underweight, 35% of students were at average weight and 5% of the students were overweight. 4.3 Frequency of the Exposure to the Korean popular(K-pop) music Chart 4.3 Frequency of the Exposure to the K-pop music Based on the chart 4.3 above, it shows the frequency of the female adolescents exposed to the K-pop music. 12% of the underweight students exposed to K-pop music less than 2 times per week, 24% of students exposed to K-pop music more than 4 times per week, 6% of the students exposed themselves to the K-pop music everyday and 8% of the students never exposed themselves to the K-pop music. The students who are at average body weight, there are 13% of them exposed to K-pop music less than 2 times per week, 15% of them more than 4 times per week, 5% of them watch it every day and 3% of them never expose to K-pop music. 4.4 Satisfaction of body weight among the female students who exposed to Korean Popular(K-pop) music Chart 4.4 Satisfaction of body weight among the female students who exposed to Korean Popular(K-pop) music There are 38% of underweight students are not satisfied with their current body weight while 12% of them satisfied with it. Students who are at the average weight, 28% of them dissatisfied with their body weight while 8% of them satisfied with their current body weight. Students who are overweight, there are 11% are not satisfied with their body weight while only 3% of them are satisfied with their body weight. Overall of the percentage, there are 77% of the students are not satisfied with their current body weight. 4.5 Do the Students Reduce the Number of Meals Chart 4.5 The actions of the students take on their meals to become their favourite Korean Celebrities According to the chart above, students who are underweight, there is only 2% of them have reduce their meals while the rest 48% are not. 35% of the students who are at average weight have not reduce their meals while only 1% has reduce her meal. While the overweight students, only 3% of them have reduce their meals and 11% of them are not. 4.6 Outcome of the Satisfaction of the Weight among the Students Chart 4.6 The Impact of the Korean Popular(K-pop) music towards the anorexia nervosa From all the charts shown above, there is 77% of the students are not satisfied with their current body weight after they exposed to the Korean Popular music. While 23% of the students are satisfied with their body weight. The majority of students were influenced by the Korean Popular music about their body figures. CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION 5.1 Summary of Results After the survey was conducted, based on the result of the satisfaction of the body weight among the participants, majority of the participants, after they exposed to the Korean popular music, they do not satisfied with their body figures. The conclusion is there is an impact in Korean popular music towards the female adolescents. But based on the findings on the actions that whether they will reduce their meals in order to become to Korean celebrities they favor. After all, the outcome is although there is an impact in Korean popular music towards the female adolescents but the majority do not reduce their meals to become the Korean celebrities that they admire. From the survey, the results also shown that majority of the underweight female adolescents are not satisfied with their current body weight even their body weight are under weight according to the worldwide standard reference, Body Mass Index(BMI). The answers found in the survey questionnaire was they wish to be slimmer. They also stated that they want to be thin is because they want to be more beautiful. It shows that Korean popular music has a great impact to influence the teenagers nowadays to have the perception that to be extremely thin is the trend todays. Korean popular music is not the main factor that cause people choose to suffer from anorexia nervosa. There is other factors behind it. In the future, a result is hopefully to be conduct with other factor like advertisements. During the survey was conducted, a new idea was brought from the surrounding of the locations and the people. As this survey was only targeted at female but there was a lot of male students pass through. They are even more interested to know more about the Korean popular(K-pop) music compared to some of the females. It indicates that K-pop is not only influence females nowadays but also males. Males have started to admire the Korean celebrities and tend to imitate them. In the future of the research, the research of the target group might target at male students which is quite new to the society today. Due to the advancement of the technology today, children before entering to nursery or kindergarten, they have already exposed to the media almost every hours. Especially parents whom are also the favourite adopter of new technology such as smartphone, tablet and etc, their children will expose to the media more. Expose themselves to the media has already become one of the routine in daily life. In a nutshell, a research should be conduct in future should also target at the children.

Homer, Alaska :: essays research papers

Where the land ends and the sea begins Homer is the hub of the lower Kenai Peninsula of Alaska, an area incomparably rich in natural wonders and recreational possibilities. The Kenai Peninsula is an Alaska in miniature, a combination of mountain and meadow, coastline and island. The backbone of the peninsula is the Kenai Mountain Range, which separates the rolling hills and salmon streams from the Gulf of Alaska and cradles the 1,000 square mile Harding Icefield, a trackless inland ocean of 3 million-year-old ice. Around Homer, rolling hills and ridges overlook Kachemak Bay and Cook Inlet. Bears, wolves and moose roam the uplands; dozens of species of birds gather each spring to feed on the mudflats at the head of the bay. Until the early 1950s, Homer was accessible only by boat, airplane or driving the stony beach from Kenai. Paved road now strings together the coastal towns of Ninilchik, Anchor Point and Homer, affording impressive views of volcanic Mount Iliamna, rising more than 10,000 feet above the sea, and Mount Redoubt, which became active again in 1989 after a couple decades of slumber. Across Kachemak Bay, fabulously rich in marine life, mountains, glaciers and steep-walled fjords dramatically drop into the ocean. When wrapped in mist, the thick stands of spruce and hemlock lend an ethereal air to the secluded coves and bays. Seldovia, Nanwalek and Port Graham are ensconced in such sheltered recesses at the tip of the peninsula. The Southern Peninsula offers visitors an unparalleled blend of the wild and the picturesque, of vigorous life amid immemorial beauty, where glimpses of an eagle soaring, a salmon charging the rapids, or a sunset burnishing the mountain crests leave impressions that can never fade. Homer's population has grown to nearly 5,000 people, and the city serves as a trading and service center for nearly 10,000. It has a modern hospital, newspapers, public and commercial radio stations, a movie theater, thriving commercial and sport fishing fleets, and a high school that was honored in 1989 as one of the best in the nation. The Kachemak Bay area is the arts capital of South-central Alaska. An impressive group of professional and amateur artists provide residents with art shows, dance, music and drama throughout the year. The Homer Council on the Arts also regularly brings nationally- and internationally known performers to Homer. The area's major industry is commercial fishing, which pumps nearly $30 million a year into the local economy.

Americas Obesity Epidemic

Cheyenne Rogers English IV Senior Paper America’s Obesity Epidemic Obesity is a chronic condition defined by an excess amount of body fat. Within eight years in the United States, the incidence of obesity has nearly doubled. People throughout America are slowly being affected by this national problem of obesity. The obesity epidemic is growing throughout each state in America, but now reasons for this epidemic are becoming clearer to individuals. Everyone wants to know a reason for the obesity epidemic, and now answers are appearing. Many reasons for this epidemic are due to present day generations, as well as American lifestyles.Fast food has not only come to dominate the American landscape, it has become the most visible American export around the globe (Down to Earth). Cheap and convenient food, busy work lives, and social lives, as well as a constant barrage from media sources have over-loaded Americans are all having a detrimental effect on people’s mental and phys ical health (Thompson). Due to busy lifestyles and laziness throughout America, people have found it easier to go through a drive-thru rather than take the time to go home and make a healthier meal for themselves.Weight gain and obesity are caused by consuming more calories than the body needs (â€Å"Obesity in America†). Genetic determinations, such as the way a body expends energy, hormones, which affect the way that calories are processed, and other organ systems in the body can all affect appetite (â€Å"Obesity in America†). Obesity is a disease that takes time to cure, but people will need to have determination to find a cure and also the understanding and knowing the cure will not come fast or easy. Thus, due to all these causes of obesity, America is in an epidemic that needs to be solved sooner than later.A big contributor to the obesity epidemic is the influence of the environment, such as lifestyles people have created. Within the American environments, what a person eats and how active he or she is, is now considered a lifestyle behavior (â€Å"Genetic Obesity†). Lifestyles contribute to obesity, because not only do families share genes, but they also share their lifestyle habits with in another in each household (â€Å"Genetic Obesity†). In any environment, diets from home are followed and original lifestyles can be carried on throughout life and adds to the ongoing obesity problem.Body functions of humans haven’t changed over the past 50-100 years, yet in society there have been an increasing number of people that are obese over the years (â€Å"Obesity†). Obesity over the past 30 years is most likely due to the recent environmental changes (Brehm). The environmental changes caused the obesity rates to increase over the years instead of decrease. The environment needs to change in a positive way in order for people to live in a healthy society. The media is pressuring people into unhealthy eating habits a nd unhealthy lifestyles.People’s exposure to fast food ads have increased compared to 2003 (â€Å"Effective Summary†). McDonald’s web-based marketing starts with children as young as two years old using Ronald. com (â€Å"Effective Summary†). Exposure to fast food restaurants and ads for these restaurants at such a young age is a major contributor to obesity. Kids are being told at a young age that it is okay to eat junk food; not being told that it is unhealthy for them. Advanced technology is also a factor in media expanding their products.Nine restaurant Facebook pages had more than one million fans as of July 2010, and Starbucks boasted more than 11. 3 million fans (â€Å"Effective Summary†). Smart phone apps were available for eight fast food chains, providing another opportunity to reach out to the young consumers anytime and anywhere (â€Å"Effective Summary†). In occurrence to the new technology, everyone has extra access to ads for all the unhealthy foods. The advanced technology has even gotten to the point where you can order food from your device.The media controls America by constantly pressuring people. The media advertising unhealthy foods it does not help to solve the obesity epidemic, and if this continues the epidemic will not be solved. A big reason for American obesity is because of fast food markers, which tend to be very greedy. Eighty-four percent of parents reported to taking their child to a fast food restaurant at least once in the previous week (Effective Summary). Fast food businesses make it easy for parents to supply food for children at low costs.Parents of the elementary school aged children were more likely to order a combo meal or dollar/value menu item for their child than a kid’s meal for the child (Effective Summary). Each meal is getting smaller and less filling for children pushing to get a bigger meal, even more unhealthy. In this case not only are parents feeding their ch ildren unhealthy foods, but over feeding them as well. Health problems are a result of obesity most people do not know about, such as diseases being results in unhealthy eating for a long period of time.Children and adolescents who eat fast food consume more calories, fat, sugar, and sugar sweetened beverages (Effective Summary). Removal of the nutrients from the body causes extra eating of non-nutritional foods, as the body seeks to regulate the actual levels of the nutrients it truly needs. Removing nutrients from the body is neglect towards the body. In order to be a healthy person it is necessary to consume all nutrients needed. A Finnish study showed that for every one kilogram (2. 2 pounds) increase in body weight, increases the risk of death from coronary artery disease by one percent (â€Å"Obesity†).Obesity is a risk for chronic disease, diabetes, high blood pressure, and some forms of cancer (â€Å"Genetic Obesity†). Continuing to eat junk food is increasing chances of death, which is no joking matter. Most importantly, people should come to realization how serious and controlling obesity can really be. The effects of obesity are not only being physical fitness, but psychological as well. Losing weight and keeping it off can come more of a challenge to some than it does to others (T. J. Clark). This is caused by physical and psychological challenges.Many people continue to ridicule, mock, and even abuse the obese (The Effect of Obesity). People trying to lose weight are extremely vulnerable and are already currently struggling. Therefore, they need others support, not discouraging attitudes. Obese individuals trying to better themselves need support, especially when others find it necessary to constantly degrade the obese on a daily basis. Obese people may have fewer social and romantic relationships compared to the non-obese (Tree). Given that, low self-esteem is common among the severely obese as it is (The Effect of Obesity).Obesity causes much insecurity that people have a difficult time overcoming. A main effect of obesity is people not being pleased with themselves in any way, and no one should feel uncomfortable in their own skin. If the obesity epidemic continues, America will be an unhealthy world to live in, literally. Scientists project that by the year 2015 the number of overweight people in the world will tip to 2. 3 billion with more than 700 million people being obese (Green Life). The predictions have been made and at the rate America is going, these will be the obesity rates in three short years.Since 1995 diabetes rates have doubles in eight states within the United States (F as in Fat: How Obesity Threaten America’s Future 2011). Twenty years ago, no state had an obesity rate over 15 percent, but in today’s world there are two out of three states have obesity rates that are over 25 percent (F as in Fat: How Obesity Threaten America’s Future 2011). Thirty-eight states have hi gh obesity rates, and the rates don’t just stop there†¦ they keep increasing. Our future as Americans is a fat society. As a citizen, everyone should be concerned in helping to solve the ongoing problem, not only to better ourselves but to better our country!This problem can be controlled with motivation to work out and exercise, dedication to better themselves, and cooperation to stop the obesity epidemic from growing, to better each individuals body in America. To start, time reduced from watching the television and in other similar sedentary behaviors (A Vision for the Future: The Obesity Epidemic). Two of the largest fast food advertisers to children have joined the Children’s Food and Beverage Advertising Initiative, CFBAI, pledging to advertise only â€Å"better for you† choices to all children (Effective Summary).Plans to solve this problem are starting to be formed; and people just need to react in a productive way and help out. Other ways to help s olve the problem are to ensure that schools provide healthful food and beverages on school campuses (A Vision for the Future: The Obesity Epidemic). As the President of the International Association for the Study of Obesity, Phillip James, states â€Å"to change the food environment by requiring the companies label on soft drinks or fast food so that people are well informed, this is another way of helping reduce obesity† (Obesity Prevention Needs Change in Living Environment).Actions are taking place now, and soon America will have this problem solved with the help of the citizens from all over. America’s obesity epidemic has been an ongoing problem for the past 20 years. There has been questioning on what to do, how to fix the increasing epidemic, and how to react†¦ but now, the answers are clearly coming out. With support from others, obesity will become one step closer to an epidemic being reduced. Given there are a lot obstacle to go through to stay healthy t here are a lot of easy ways to do it as well. The media is always a pressure, but just think†¦ save a life by not having any health issues throughout life.Avoid the effects of being obese and insecure. And take a step forward and become a part of help our future generations NOT be obese. Now, with the cooperation of fast food companies, you can still get food quickly in the drive through just choose the healthier entree. American citizens created this problem and American citizens will get America a solution as well! Works Cited â€Å"A Vision for the Future: The Obesity Epidemic. † Vision. Vision. org. , 31 Jul 2008. Web. 2 Mar 2012. Brehm, Bonnie, and David D. â€Å"Impact of the Enviroment. † EndoText. EndoText Inc. , 24 Nov 2010. Web. Mar 2012. . â€Å"Executive Summary . † Fast Food f. a. c. t. s.. Rudd Center. Web. 1 Mar 2012. â€Å"F as in Fat: How Obesity Threatens America's Future 2011. † Trust for Americas Health . 2012 Trust for America's Health, Jul 2011. Web. 2 Mar 2012. T. J. Clark. â€Å"Genetic Obesity . † T. J. Clark & Company, 2008. Web. 1 Mar 2012. â€Å"Green Life. † Obesity and the Enviroment . Green Life, 06 Mar 2011. Web. 2 Mar 2012. â€Å"Obesity . † Medicine Net. MedicineNet, Inc, 2012. Web. 2 Mar 2012. † Obesity in America. † Down to Earth . Down to Earth ALL VEGETARIAN Organic & Natural, 16 Sep 2011. Web. 2 Mar 2012. Obesity Prevention Needs Change in Living Environment: Experts. † The Star: Online. Star Publications, 16 Jul 2010. Web. 2 Mar 2012. â€Å"Obesity Prevention Needs Change in Living Environment: experts. † English News. 2012 Xinhua, english. news. cn. , 16 Jul 2010. Web. 1 Mar 2012. â€Å"The Effect of Obesity . † Tree. com, Inc. , 02 Jun 2010. Web. 2 Mar 2012. Thompson, Dennis . â€Å"Too Much Work, Food, Media May Be Hurting Health. † News Health . U. S. News & World Report LP, 06 Jun 2011. Web. 2 Mar 2012. â€Å"Understanding Obesity . † Obesity In America . 2012 Copyright – Obesity in America, 2004.

Psychological Bases of the Learning Process Essay

I. Introduction The nature of the learning process has been studied by psychologists and physiologists. Many experiments have been performed and the literature on the subject is voluminous. There has been continual progress in exploring what is not known about learning. Each year sees new discoveries hew hypotheses. Some proposed hypotheses were proven wrong and some older discoveries were made eligible for major modification. Subjecting individuals and classes to scientific measurements has lifted certain phases of learning from the realm of speculation to the realm of science. At present, there is no comprehensive theory concerning all aspects of learning. There is considerable disagreement about the language to be used in describing learning. Different writers hold conflicting positions on the degree of specificity of generality appropriate in talking about learning (Baxter Magolda, 2000). The science of psychology is of significance for the light that it throws upon the nature of the learning process and upon the conditions most favourable to learning. Many other sciences have contributed a great deal to an understanding of the nature of the learning process and to the principal issues involved in the education of boys and girls. For example, sociology, physiology, biology, and biochemistry have added much to the improvement of educational procedures. In order to understand the teaching process, the students or the teacher must first know something about the learning process concerns the teacher no less than the pupils. Although the teacher cannot do the actual learning for the pupil, he can facilitate learning through effective teaching. Effective teaching and learning demand mutual understanding between teacher and learner. It is imperative, therefore, that the nature of the learning process be clearly understood by the teachers so that the instructional activities may proceed in accordance with the basic factors of normal learning. It is apparent that of the teachers do not know how learning takes place they will not be able to accomplish in directing and guiding the learning activities of the pupils (Woodworth, 2004). They should know not only how learning takes place, but also how activities of the pupils are sufficiently and effectively directed to bring about the desired growth and development of the pupils. Thesis Statement:   Ã‚  This study intends to: (1) develop the ability to understand the meaning of the learning process; (2) develop the ability to understand the major laws if learning and their application to teaching; (3) to acquaint the students with the different factors which affect learning and: (4) develop an understanding of the psychological principles of learning. II. Discussion A. Learning from different point of view As in other areas of science there are, in the field of learning, various theories which attempt to explain its basic processes. Both in method and conclusion these theories have differed greatly, for they have sharply focused attention on only certain aspects of the total learning process. As a consequence, the behaviour which various experimenters and teachers have observed has been different. These various experimental studies have led to several ways of looking at the process of learning. Each has attempted to derive basic principles. At present time, however, it would be unwise for a teacher to adopt any one method as the way. Dealing with complex human learning demands that one give attention to all aspects of learning process (Gates, 2003). A fundamental aspect of the present conception of learning is its meaning. The meaning of the learning process, explained from different point of views, is given as follows. 1. Learning from the point of view of the Mind Theory— This theory of the Faculty psychology was formulated by Christian Wolff in 1731. This doctrine held that the mind has mental powers or faculties, such as memory, reason, judgment, attention, will observation, and the like, each of which functions as a separate entity that can be improved through exercise or use. For example, faculty psychologists believed that the strengthening of memory could be achieved through the memorization of long and difficult passages.   Such exercise was assumed to develop in the learner the power to remember well whatever material by which he later might be stimulated. According to the mind theory, all learning is training of the mind and developing the powers of its faculties. The believers of this theory assume that exercise of these powers in one area of content makes one more competent in the use of these same powers with other materials (Stephens, 2001). 2. Learning from the viewpoint of Connectionist’s Theory— This theory refers to the famous stimulus-response or S-R bond theory advanced by Thorndike. This point of view is based on the concepts that bonds or connections between situations and responses. The basis of learning is association between sense impression and impulses to action. This point of view, learning occurs through a change in the connection between a particular stimulus and a response, thus this theory regards a connection as the key to the understanding of the learning process. To the connectionists, the stimulus-response (S-R) explanation of learning covers all types of learning. This point of view is based on the old synaptic resistance theory. The S-R bond theory is now known as S-O-R theory (Woodworth, 2004). 3. Learning from the viewpoint of Behaviourism—Learning from the Behaviourist’s point of view, refers to the building up of conditioned reflexes or habit formation resulting from conditioning. According to Watson, conditioned reflex is central to learning as the unit out of which habits are formed. Watson used Pavlov’s experiments as the epitome of learning and made of the condition reflex as the unit of habit, and built his system on that foundation (Woodworth, 2004). 4. Learning from the viewpoint of the Gestaltists— Gestalt mean pattern, shape, form, or configuration. It implies that a set of stimulating circumstances takes place according to the relative value of various stimuli acting at the same time. This point of view recognizes that the whole is more than the sum of its parts, or that the whole gets its meaning from the parts. It can be seen that the parts can be understood only in relation to one another and that this relationship is determined by the nature of the whole (Stephens, 2001). 5. Learning from the viewpoint of the Progressivists— The concept of learning from the progressivists’ point of view is in conformity with the integrative point of view which is based on Gestalt theory of learning. Both recognize the importance of the learner in the learning process, his interests, his attitudes, and above all, his ability to utilize the past experiences in meeting new situations. Both believe that there is no substitute for experience in the process. Likewise, learning is conceived by both in terms of total growth of the child rather than the mastery of the subject-matter or change in behaviour. Both views are complementary and supplementary to each other (Stephens, 2001). B. The Major Laws of Learning Learning, whether it be that of an animal or of a human being, goes on in accordance with the laws of life. Improvement in teaching and learning can scarcely be made without a careful recognition of laws and principles upon which to base any valuable structure for the betterment of the learners. The results of experiments on learning have been generalized and stated as laws of learning. The laws of learning are attempts to state the more fundamental conditions favourable to the learning process. There is need for laws whether it be in a certain fields of knowledge, a particular course of study, or in the learning process itself. They are designed to make learning a continuous process of development when properly handled and controlled. The more the teacher understands the laws and conditions of learning, the more fully he brings his knowledge into relationship with the situation in the classroom, and the better and more effective his instruction is likely to become (Kohler, 2005). C. Factors which may affect the Learning Process It has been found out that the pupil’s difficulty in learning may be due to many factors within the child himself. Some of the important factors which may affect the learning process are as follows: 1. Intellectual factor—The term refers to the individual mental level. Success in school is generally closely related to the level of the intellect. Pupils with low intelligence often encounter serious difficulty in mastering schoolwork. Sometimes pupils do not learn because of special intellectual disabilities. A low score in one subject and his scores in other subjects indicate the possible presence of a special deficiency. Psychology reveals to us that an individual possesses different kind of intelligence. Knowledge of the nature of the pupils’ intellect is of considerable value in the guidance and the diagnosis of disability (Lashley, 2004). 2. Learning factors— Factors owing to lack of mastery of what has been taught, faulty methods of work or study, and narrowness of experimental background may affect the learning process of any student. If the good school proceeds to rapidly and does not constantly check up on the extent to which the student is mastering what is being taught, the student accumulates a number of deficiencies that interfere with successful progress (Lashley, 2004). 3. Physical factors— Under this group are included such factors such as health, physical development, nutrition, visual and physical defects, and glandular abnormality. It is generally recognized that ill health retards physical and motor development, and malnutrition interfere with learning and physical growth. Children suffering from visual, auditory, and other physical defects are seriously handicapped in developing skills such as reading and spelling (Lashley, 2004). 4. Mental factors— Attitude falls under mental factors. Attitudes are made up of organic and kinaesthetic elements. They are not to be confused with emotions that are characterized by internal visceral disturbance. Attitudes are more or less of definite sort. They play a large part in the mental organization and general behaviour of the individual. Attitudes are also important in the development of personality. Among these attitudes are interest, cheerfulness, affection, prejudice, openmindedness, and loyalty. Attitudes exercise a stimulating effect upon the rate of learning and teaching and upon the progress in school (Lashley, 2004). 5. Emotional and social factors— Personal factors, such as instincts and emotions, and social factors, such as cooperation and rivalry, are directly related to a complex psychology of motivation. It is a recognized fact that the various responses of the individual to various kinds of stimuli are determined by a wide variety of tendencies. Some of these innate tendencies are constructive and others are harmful. For some reason a student may have developed a dislike for some subject because he may fail to see its value, or may lack foundation. This dislike results in a bad emotional state (Lashley, 2004). 6. Teacher’s Personality— The teacher as an individual personality is an important element in the learning environment or in the failures and success of the learner. The way in which his personality interacts with the personalities of the pupils being taught helps to determine the kind of behaviour which emerges from the learning situation. The supreme value of a teacher is not in the regular performance of routine duties, but in his power to lead and to inspire his learners through the influence of his moral personality and example (Lashley, 2004). 7. Environmental factor— Physical conditions need for learning is under environmental factor. One of the factors that affect the efficiency of learning is the condition in which learning takes place. This includes the classroom, textbooks, equipment, school supplies, and other instructional materials. In the school and at the home, the conditions for learning must be favourable and adequate if teaching is to produce the desired results. It cannot be denied that the type and quality of instructional materials and equipment play an important part in the instructional efficiency of the school (Lashley, 2004). D. Psychological Principles of Learning To teach effectively, the teacher must understand the basic principles of learning. Based on the different concepts of the learning process and the laws that govern them, the following general principles of learning are presented for guidance in teaching: 1. Learning is considered as the acquisition of knowledge, habits, skills, abilities, and attitudes through the interaction of the whole individual and his total environment (Guthrie, 2002). 2. Learning is meaningful if it is organized in such a way as to emphasize and call for understanding, insight, initiative, and cooperation. When the learner is capable of gaining insight or understanding into the learning situation, then and only then will learning take place (Guthrie, 2002). 3. Learning is facilitated by motives or drives. Needs, interests, and goals are fundamental to the learning process. If the individual has to learn, he must have some goal to be accomplished. Learning is best when the learner knows and understands his motive in learning (Guthrie, 2002). IV. Conclusion As a conclusion, learning is often confused with maturation or physical growth. It is obvious that some of the ways in which man becomes different are tied up very closely with his physical growth. Our knowledge concerning learning and the teaching process has thus undergone profound development in the last twenty-five years. Once it seemed sufficient for the educational psychologist to formulate a set of principles of learning around fairly simple concepts of exercise and effect. The teacher applied these principles through the techniques of drill, reward and punishment.   But with the development of theory and research, the psychologist has found it necessary to expand and to refine his understanding of learning with consequent important implication for teaching.

How to Grow Orange Potassium Dichromate Crystals

How to Grow Orange Potassium Dichromate Crystals If youve mastered basic crystals, try growing an orange potassium dichromate crystal. Usually you have to use food coloring to get an orange crystal, but this crystal color is natural. Materials Potassium dichromateDistilled water Time Required Hours for seed crystal, weeks for larger single crystal What You Do Dissolve as much potassium dichromate as you can in warm water.Filter the solution, cover it, and allow it to sit undisturbed for several hours or until growth is observed. Alternatively, you could produce a seed crystal by evaporating a few drops of this solution in a shallow dish.You can grow a mass of crystals by just allowing the solution to evaporate, but for a large single crystal, decant the solution into a clean container whenever you notice growth other than on your seed crystal(s).You can control the growth of your crystal by changing the temperature of the solution or by controlling the rate of evaporation by the type of cover you put on the container (e.g., coffee filter has free airflow, sealing the container with plastic doesnt).The resulting crystals will be bright orange rectangular prisms.

Marketing Essays (2921 words) - Marketing, Market Orientation

Marketing Essays (2921 words) - Marketing, Market Orientation RESEARCH AREA Marketing WORKING TITLE A study of consumer purchase, consumption behavior patterns and promotional strategies adopted for marketing by Malaysian small firms RESEARCH OBJECTIVES This paper analyses market concepts, the small firms and use statistical methods to see effect of marketing on performance and growth of small firms. The paper will use primary method of data collection and perform correlation and regression analysis to analyze the impact of marketing on a small firms performance. Thus this paper confirms that marketing plays an important role for success of small business also. RESEARCH QUESTIONS How small business can have long lasting business relations with customers? How should they be able to get sustainable stream of cash inflows? What should be the business concept? What should be marketing strategies? How successful the marketing strategies prove for small business in achieving business success? Is there any relation between marketing and small firms performance? Which dimension of marketing orientation is a major contributor for performance of small firms? ABSTRACT Marketing is becoming one of the important factors for company to sell their products or services. In an ever increasing competitive world it becomes essential to stand away from the crowd and market the firms products or services in such a way so as to gain customer loyalty and establish a brand. Usually most of the market research paper focuses on big firms and small firms are usually neglected. Hence this paper highlights effect of marketing on small business. Keywords: marketing, small business firms, Malaysia, performance INTRODUCTION Malaysia is comparatively a small nation in Southeast Asia. The country is multi cultural society and legal system is primarily based on English Common Law. It is a relatively open state and pretty new industrialized economy. Given growth opportunities the country has traditional model of doing business and many new small firms are coming up in different sectors. As it is comparatively a new industrialized nation, there are many small and medium firms which account for a major sector of total business existing in Malaysia. The small and medium Industries development Corp. (SIMDEC) is the governing body for SMEs in Malaysia. Besides there is also National SME Development Council, which guides policy actions for SMEs. As per this council to separate small firms from big firms it identified SMEs in three categories based on the industry they are into. SMEs can be categorized into micro, small and medium size business entities. In this study we are focusing on small enterprises which have 5 to 50 employees and annual sales turnover more than RM 200,000 and less than RM 10 million. Small businesses are one of the most important business entities for Malaysian economy. Hence it is essential to analyze why some of them are successful while other are not keeping in view Malaysian context. For any company to succeed it is essential that the small firms are able to sell their goods at profit to customers. For this it is essential that the firms have good relation with customers, are able to meet their expectations and earn their loyalty. Problem statement- How small business can have long lasting business relations with customers. How should they be able to get sustainable stream of cash inflows. What should be the business concept? What should be marketing strategies? How successful the marketing strategies prove for small business in achieving business success? These are the few set of questions which this research paper aims to address. The paper will be analyzing marketing orientation for small business using studies done by Kohli and Jaworski (1990, 1993). Further help will be also be taken from work done by many other authors like Kotler, Narver and Slater. LITERATURE REVIEW According to Kotler (1994), marketing raised on four pillars viz. target market segment, customer needs and expectations, coordinated marketing and profitability. The views expressed by Kotler forms the basis for model on marketing orientation propounded by Slater and Narver (1990). Many scholars in marketing have done impressive and deep study on effects of marketing on success of business. Many models have been developed to test effect of marketing on business and see the antecedents and consequences of the same, (Slater and Narver 1994). As per their study Narver and Slater found positive impacts of marketing on both large and small

Auditing for Good Analytical Research

The accounting methodology is as old as most of our basic mathematics that we practice in our daily life. Its importance has played a key role in the financial industry ever since the era of banking industry had commenced. From the past till today accounting is often reflected as auditing for a huge amount of ransom, assets and any other entity which add value to an individual or organization.   With the heavy involvement of the financial industry, thus, it is essential for accounting to integrated policies, standards, protocols and other ethics to have better control of practices with high integrity which classifies into a single term, internal control. Referring to the above quote, the author`s view of internal accounting control may seem to provide more favourable arguments rather than against. But no ideology can be perfect. Firstly, this essay will contribute a fair illustration of the relationship between strong accounting system and legal practices. Then, the importance of t he existence of internal controls. Lastly, it will instigate the beneficial and loosing arguments of internal accounting controls referring to the best practice preferred by the organization. Internal control can be described as a process through which the organizations are able to coordinate the activities and put a bar on the fraudulent activities by the management, as well as the employees (KSU, 2016). For an effective planning, as well as control it is essential to have a well-defined internal control mechanism that will trace the deficiencies and bring transparency in the working. The element of internal control is assessed during the planning stage of the audit of a financial statement (Gilbert et. al, 2005). The outcome of the impact is directly in tune to the auditor’s stage of testing in detail.   To lessen detailed testing, the organization needs to have a strong system of an internal control. Internal controls are part and parcel of organization policies that pertains to finance and business. It comprises of all the actions undertaken by the management for the safeguard of the resources in terms of waste, fraud, and efficiency (KSU, 2016). Secondly, it helps in bringing accuracy, as well as reliability in accounting and operation of data. Thirdly, it enables a strong compliance with the regulations set by the organization (Hoffelder, 2012). Lastly, it helps in assessment of the performance of all the units of the organization. Internal control is simply a good practice that steers the business in an ethical manner. The internal control system is put into practice by the management or the ones who are entrusted with the duty of ensuring strong governance. It ensures that the compliance is done in terms of rules and regulations (Schaeffer, 2006). Moreover, it leads to efficiency in terms of operational efficiency. This can be possible when the internal control system is put into implementation through elements or subsystems and are termed as the components of an internal control system. It has five major components: This simply means a well-equipped environment of the entity where the operations of the business happen. A controlled environment enables strong control and keeps the wrong practices at bay. For example, if the organization is authentic and strict towards the false practices then the employees will fear in any kind of falsehood. This will ensure commitment and keep the fraud away (Manoharan, 2011).   Moreover, an auditor needs to have a proper understanding of the environment and determine whether it is implemented by the management and the behavior. One of the major roles of internal control is to trace and rectify the misstatements. Further, it needs to be noted that management will not wait for the happening of the misstatement rather it will find a measure to detect and correct it (Ingram, 2016). The entity develops the process of risk assessment that helps in identification of the material misstatement (ACCA, 2016). The auditor obtains a clear notion of how the process of risk evaluation process is working and whether it is shedding light on the risks that are expected, the influence of such a risk, an event of happening of such a risk and decision that pertains to such a risk (Harrington, 2003). Information has assumed a vital place in the space of business environment. When an audit engagement happens, an auditor adds to his understanding of the information, as well as a system of communication that is one of the elements of the accounting system (Ingram, 2016).   But, it is not always alike as the accounting system. It I described as the system through which the management develops a link with the internal and external environment. Controls are mechanisms that are implemented by the management to ensure that the financial information is reliable. An apt example is that of the debtors that cannot be written off without the consent of the finance director or any other relevant person. In a similar scenario, credit sales cannot be done until a recommendation is taken from the credit control department (Schaeffer, 2006). Such activities do not constitute authorization.   A need to enter the password in certain modules of an information system is a classic example of the information system. The last element of an internal control system is the process of monitoring. It can be treated as a service that is inbuilt to the system of internal control and evaluates the skills of an internal control system. The process of monitoring is done by evaluating the internal control operation that pertains to the current period and assessments that are separate in nature that includes routine and non-routine checks (Christensen, 2011). Such an evaluation requires external information like the feedback of the customer. Hence, the ones who are entrusted with the responsibility of governance take an appropriate step so that any risk or material misstatement is warded off with ease and flexibility. Internal control system will lessen the amount of audit work and this will have a positive impact because the auditors will be able to use system based audit that will enhance the level of audit work. Moreover, the presence of a strong internal control mechanism reduces the chances of frauds, as well as errors and will bring new supervision (ACCA, 2016). This will accelerate custody and the third party liability will be minimized bringing a great deal of speed and accuracy. Secondly, internal control lessens the audit evidence that needs to be produced as it enhances the audit evidence to be present within the business. This helps to frame a view that leads to speed and evidence (ACCA, 2016). Moreover, the presence of this control system solidifies the audit evidence that needs to be gathered. It reduces the work overload and reduces the time that is needed to prepare a report (Kruger, 2015). Last but not the least it provides a strong internal function that enables the auditor to focus more on the problem and facilitate the work. Further, it facilitates the company’s assets. The presence of internal control might lead to error and fraud because at times the major reliance is on the strength of internal control and this exposes the auditor to the liabilities that is civil in nature. Secondly, the presence of internal control lessens the volume of scrutiny that needs to be done by the auditor leading to smaller samples hence, leaving another area prone to fraud and problems.   Collusion, as well as manipulation might lead to mismanagement and hence, a biased report might occur. Further, the vigilance of an auditor is reduced owing to the internal control and hence, impacts the audit quality. It has the chances of being abused by the internal auditor through collision with the management. Gamers Den is situated in Cambridge (United States) and has a huge selection of games. It is strongly involved in providing an environment that is safe and friendly for the community at large. People can come and play their favourite games. The availability of a dedicated area makes it one of the best places to be in. Many events are even conducted that that attracts and accommodates various players. This keeps the store busy. Further, the presence of less number of employees makes it less complicated. The current internal control mechanism of the gamer den is straightforward. Two game designers are involved in the process that is designed, as well as promotion. On the other hand, two main assistants are present that is Phil and Amy and another employee is ELLA. The policies that the company follows are weak in terms of an internal control. During the hours of business, an amount of less than 50$ can be withdrawn from the cash register. Credit sales are available with a defined time period and according to the customer comfort that is weak in nature. Further, a single cash register is present that lacks all the entries and physical stock counting I unavailable. Moreover, a problem with the physical counting of the stock has appeared. Therefore, cash is collected and remains in the office till a person deposits it to a bank. Further staffs have an access to borrow iPad, laptops, etc. and there is no trace of the current items. A strong system that needs to be developed for Gamers Den will require a proper number of stuff. When the number of employees will be more, the work responsibility will be divided that will lessen the pressure (Lapsley, 2012). Further, the internal control must be structured in a manner that will lead to proper allocation of person who can shoulder the responsibility. In the present system, there is no availability of financial records and information lacks reliability. The accounting control will be a boon to the business. The system of accounting control will help the organization in many ways (Kaplan, 2011). The system of inventory will be maintained in a proper manner, before the issue of stock the authorization and approval will be needed. Further, budgetary control will aid the organization that will enhance the profit with the sales volume. The review of assets will be easier and hence, variances can be traced. The above report provides a clear cut indication that internal control is vital in the smooth running of the organization. It leads to a strong control over the activities that is not witnessed in an organization that lacks internal control. Therefore, internal control brings a wide variety of advantages that helps in steering the business. This leads to a strong momentum and helps the organization as a whole. When internal control is into practice it leads to an enhanced level of accountability and responsibility. ACCA 2016, Audit working papers, viewed 15 October 2016 https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/student/exam-support-resources/fundamentals-exams-study-resources/f8/technical-articles/effective-audit-service.html ACCA 2016, The new Auditor report, viewed 15 October 2016 https://www.accaglobal.com/in/en/student/exam-support-resources/fundamentals-exams-study-resources/f8/technical-articles/auditor-report.html ACCA 2016, F8 Audit and Assurance aims and update, viewed 15 October 2016   https://www.accaglobal.com/ie/en/student/exam-support-resources/fundamentals-exams-study-resources/f8.html Christensen, J. 2011, ‘Good analytical research,’ European Accounting Review, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 41-51 Gilbert, W. Joseph J and Terry J. E 2005, The Use of Control Self-Assessment by Independent Auditors, The CPA Journal, vol.3, pp. 66-92 Harrington N 2003,   Risk Management & Insurance, McGraw- Hill Education (I) Ltd. Hoffelder, K 2012, New Audit Standard Encourages More Talking, Harvard Press. Ingram, D 2016, What Are the Seven Internal Control Procedures in Accounting?, viewed 15 October, 2016, https://smallbusiness.chron.com/seven-internal-control-procedures-accounting-76070.html Kaplan, R.S. 2011, Accounting scholarship that advances professional knowledge and practice, The Accounting Review, vol. 86, no. 2, pp.   367–383. Kruger, P 2015, Corporate goodness and shareholder wealth, Journal of Financial economics, pp. 304-329 KSU 2016, Internal Audit, viewed 15 October 2016 https://www.k-state.edu/internalaudit/internal-controls/ Lapsley, I. 2012, Commentary: Financial Accountability & Management, Qualitative Research in Accounting & Management, vol. 9, no. 3, pp. 291-292. Manoharan, T.N. 2011, Financial Statement Fraud and Corporate Governance,   The George Washington University. Schaeffer,M 2006, Internal control breakdown study, viewed 15 October 2016 https://www.aicpastore.com/Content/media/PRODUCER_CONTENT/Newsletters/Articles_2009/CorpFin/IntControls_Breakdown.jsp Getting academic assistance from

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